= DAEWOO MODELS

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Daewoo Car Models

Daewoo 2007
L4X
Daewoo 2004
Nubira Station Wagon CDX
Lacetti SX
Lacetti CDX

ABOUT DAEWOO

GM Daewoo Auto & Technology (GM Daewoo or GMDAT) was first established as National Motor in 1937 in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, South Korea. After changing its name to Saenara Motor in 1962, Saenara Motor was bought by Shinjin Industrial in 1965, which changed its name to Shinjin Motor after establishing collaborations with Toyota.

After Toyota's withdrawal in 1972, Shinjin Motor started a joint venture with General Motors under the name General Motors Korea, but was renamed again in 1976 to Saehan Motor. After the Daewoo Group gained control in 1982 the name was changed to Daewoo Motor. In the early 1990s the company started to expand heavily throughout the world. Until 1996 all cars were based on models from General Motors. After the Asian financial crisis started in 1997, it took over the troubled 4WD specialist SsangYong in 1998, but ran into financial trouble in 1999.

In 2001 General Motors decided to buy most of Daewoo Motor's assets to form GM Daewoo. The new company started operations on October 17, 2002, with GM and its partners Suzuki and SAIC holding a stake of 66.7% with investments of US$400 million. The GM holding was formally purchased by GM Holden Ltd which holds a seat on the board. The remaining equity stake of 33.3% was held by Korea Development Bank and several other Korean creditors with investments of US$197 million. The deal did not include 15 plants, especially Daewoo's oldest plant in Bupyeong-gu which now operates under the name Daewoo Incheon Motor Company as a supplier to GM Daewoo; General Motors plans to buy this plant by 2008.[citation needed] In 2004, Tata Motors purchased Daewoo's Truck manufacturing unit. In February 2005, GM invested US$49 million to raise its share in the company to 48.2%. As of 2008, General Motors owns 50.9%, Suzuki 11.2 %, the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation 9.9 % and the Daewoo Motor Creditors Committee the remaining 28%.

GMDAT has design, engineering, research & development facilities that are involved in development for various GM products. On November 25, 2003, the design center was relocated to the new 2-story building at the Bupyeong-gu headquarters and assigned the task to style a new SUV based on GM's Theta automobile platform to be released in 2006.

GMDAT has manufacturing plants in Korea and an assembly plant in Vietnam. GMDAT-designed cars are also assembled in mainland China, Thailand, India, and Colombia (as of February 2005). Its cars are marketed in over 140 countries (as of February 2005). In 2004, GMDAT sold more than 900,000 vehicles worldwide.

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= DACIA CAR MODELS

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Dacia Car Models

Dacia 2013:
• DACIA Lodgy (5 pictures)

Dacia 2011:
• DACIA Duster

Dacia 2010:
• DACIA Sandero Stepway (6 pictures)
• DACIA Duster Trophee Andros

Dacia 2009:
• DACIA Sandero
• DACIA Logan MCV
• DACIA Logan
• DACIA Duster Concept (18 pictures)

Dacia 2008:
• DACIA Logan Pickup

Dacia 2007:
• DACIA Logan Van
• DACIA Logan MCV

Dacia 2006:
• DACIA Logan Steppe Concept

Dacia 2005:
• DACIA Logan 1.6 MPI
• DACIA Logan 1.4 MPI

ABOUT DACIA

Dacia is a Romanian car manufacturer, named for the historic region that constitutes much of present-day Romania. It is now a subsidiary of the French carmaker Renault.

DACIA HISTORY

Automobile Dacia company was founded in 1966 with assistance from Renault and the main Dacia factory was built in 1968, in Colibaşi (now called Mioveni), near Piteşti. Dacia acquired the tooling and basic designs of the Renault 12. However, until the tooling was ready it was decided to produce the Renault 8 under licence; it was known as the Dacia 1100. From 1968 to 1972, some 44,000 were produced, with a very minor cosmetic change to the front in early 1970. Also produced in very limited numbers was the 1100S, with twin headlamps and a more powerful engine, used by the police and in motor racing. Only a few survived to this day.

The first Dacia 1300 left the assembly line ready for the 23 August parade in 1969, and was exhibited at the Paris and Bucharest shows of that year. Romanians were delighted with the modernity and reliability of the car, and waiting lists were always lengthy. As early as 1970, there were several variants: the standard 1300, the 1300L (for Lux) and the 1301 Lux Super, which had novelties such as a heated rear screen, a radio, windscreen mirrors on both sides and a more luxurious trim. This was reserved for the Communist Party nomenklatura.

Changes soon followed as export markets opened up. In 1972, the estate variant, 1300 Break, was produced. There were 1300F (estate with no rear seats, for carrying goods) and 1300S (ambulance) variants, and in 1973 the Dacia 1302 pick-up was developed. 2000 examples were made until 1982. Dacia also produced the D6, a CKD version of the Renault Estafette van, in limited numbers, but given the competition of the Bucharest-made T.V. van, numbers were very limited. In the very early 1980s, the Renault 20 was also assembled as the Dacia 2000; because of the exclusivity of this model numbers were always very limited. The 2000 was only available in dark blue or black, and was reserved for the Party elite.

At the Bucharest show in 1979, the restyled 1310 models were presented. These had quad lamps at the front, larger lamps at the rear, re-profiled bumpers, and a new interior. The changes were heavily inspired by Renault's own restyling of its 12 in 1975. After a brief series of "crossover" cars in 1979 (for example, there were no more rectangular headlights available for the 1300, so the last models used the quad lamps of the 1310), the 1310 finally hit the Romanian market in late 1979. In the UK, where it was known as the Dacia Denem, the top of the range model included such luxuries as a five-speed gearbox, alloy wheels and electric windows. The advertising slogan used for the car was "The Very Acceptable Dacia Denem", but this proved not to be the case with the British buyers, who increasingly opted for the more reliable Japanese, South Korean and Malaysian models. Sales were very limited, and the number surviving are not thought to exceed single figures, although the Romanian Embassy in South Kensington kept a fleet running until the mid-1990s. Sales of the pick-up version, known as the Shifter, continued until about 1990, and the Aro 10 was also sold as the Dacia Duster. The plug was pulled on the Denem, however, in late 1982.

At the same time the 1310 Sport was produced. At the 1979 show, crowds admired the Braşovia, a prototype of a sports coupé based on the 1310 and developed at a service station in Braşov. The go-ahead was given for a prestige model, and so from 1983 the two-door Dacia Sport 1410 was available for the gilded youth of the period. These were very popular for rallies, and racing drivers such as Nicu Grigoraş tuned them to extract extraordinary power from the old Renault engine.

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= COVINI CAR MODELS

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Covini Car Models

Covini 2006:
C6W Spider
Covini 2004:
C6W
Covini 1985:
T40
Covini 1981:
B24400

ABOUT COVINI

Covini is a name which is not well known in automotive circles outside of Italy - that's almost certain to change thanks to the small company's latest design - a six wheel sports car along similar engineering lines to the famous Tyrrell P34 Formula One racing car of the mid-seventies. The six wheeled design offers many advantages over a conventional design as it offers more traction for cornering and braking and minimises the risks associated with tyre punctures and aquaplaning. The P34 experienced a host of development issues which technology has since solved. Covini's car certainly looks the business - in the go-department it is powered by an Audi 4.2 litre V8 motor (283.4 kw / 380 bhp @ 6400 rpm) which powers it to a top speed of 300 kmh.

The Tyrell P34

The Tyrrell P34 is without doubt the most recognisable car in the history of world motor sport - it had a few brief moments of glory and was gone thanks to a key tyre manufacturer changing allegiances. In recent years the advent of the FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix World Championship, the distinctive Derek Gardner designed P34 has once again greeted the chequered flag, and on a much more regular basis.

The only six wheeler ever to start (much less win) a Grand Prix, the P34 was retired from action largely due to the lack of a suitable tyre partner.

The exact circumstance of Goodyear's split with Tyrrell might never be known, but Formula 1 is an expensive exercise for tyre manufacturers at the best of times and the need to develop an entirely different tyre just for the P34 did not seem to make economic sense when it either doubled the entire development budget, or halved the effectiveness of the development for the company's conventional formula one tyres. Though the tyre war was not nearly as fierce three decades ago in F1, it still saw tyre manufacturers take hundreds of tyre compound and carcass variations to each Grand Prix. And there was little upside for Goodyear - it was unlikely that six wheel cars would ever reach mass numbers.

While Goodyear was not convinced, Tyrrell's efforts had impressed some of the other teams sufficiently to create their own versions of the four wheel front end. McLaren and March both had complete six-wheel cars ready to go when Tyrrell pulled the plug on the six wheeled development, so at least some serious brains thought the idea had merit.

That the car won Grands Prix (with a famous 1-2 finish in Sweden in 1976) bears testimony to the design - the decision by GoodYear to turn its attention to another tyre development opportunity may have prematurely killed a fundamentally sound engineering solution.

Idea is three decades in incubation

Covini conceived the original idea for his car in 1974 and made provision in his design for 10 inches front wheels because there were no low profile tyres available at the time. The project was ditched in favour of another design endeavour (the Soleado prototype), and lay dormant until the 80s when hydro-pneumatic suspension for the four front wheels was devised to optimise weight distribution under various loading conditions. High development costs and other contingencies forced the project to be delayed again. As the emphasis in road going automotive design shifted to passive and active safety during the nineties, Covini again began work on the six-wheeler and this time around, he found the backing required from larger companies to finance its development.

WHY SIX WHEELS?

The arguments for four front wheels are many - Tyrrell's aim with the P34 front-end layout was intended to '... minimize induced drag by reducing lift at the front and to turn that gain into the ability to enter and leave corners faster.'

In a roadgoing sense, the passive safety afforded by two front wheels at each corner means a front tyre puncture will not cause the vehicle to lose control (thanks to the other wheel next to it).

Then there's the additional stopping power afforded by four front discs and four tyre footprints to transmit the force - although the individual area of each tyre footprint is smaller than that of a traditional tyre, the total area is greater.

The designers also claim there is less risk of aquaplaning because the two foremost wheels clear the water for the ones behind them and allow better road adhesion.

Comfort is another consideration - less unsprung weight at each wheel allows the suspension to control wheel movement better and the overall ride benefits from more evenly distributed reaction forces in the suspension.

The drop in the individual unsprung weight of each wheel also offers much better grip and better directional stability - with a well-matched set of tyres, a six-wheeler can be expected to have higher cornering speeds than a four wheeler.

In the case of Formula 1, where aerodynamic efficiency is critical, the lower profile of the front wheels offers a theoretical advantage but whether that advantage was ever demonstrated with the Tyrrell P34 is arguable. Aerodynamic focus has shifted in recent decades to how a car leaves the air it passes through rather than the initial penetration of the air it is pushing out of the way. The high profile of the rear wheels of a Formula One car simply shifted the aerodynamic problems of the P34 rather than reducing them and the high-creativity and low-budget Tyrrell concern did not have the development resources available to work through all the new issues its design raised. Covini's collaborators in the project include DAEWOO (technological research on prototypes), BOSCH (electronic and braking system), BREMBO (brake system), MOMO (airbag and new technology), PIRELLI (special tyres and research), ANTERA (special ultra-light alloy wheels) and POLITECNICO DI MILANO (optimization of the chassis set-up).

For a road-going six-wheeler though, there is no aerodynamic advantage and there's additional cost and mechanical complexity, none of which matter on a very expensive, low-volume supercar such as the Covini.

The P34 experienced a host of development issues which technology has since solved.

The P34 had trouble with cooling the rear-front-brakes - materials technology has solved that problem.

The P34 had trouble when front wheels locked, because a front-front lock-up effectively lengthened the wheelbase and slowed the steering whereas a rear-front lock-up shortened the chassis and quickened the steering. The development of anti-lock braking technologies in the subsequent decades can ensure that all four front wheels retain optimum traction.

Covini's car certainly looks the business - in the go-department it is powered by an Audi 4.2 litre V8 motor (283.4 kw / 380 bhp @ 6400 rpm) which powers it to a top speed of 300 kmh.

No price has yet been set for the Covini, but as the saying goes, 'if you have to ask the price on this car, you can't afford it.'

SPECIAL THANKS - thanks to FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix World Championship for the photos of the P34 Tyrrell. The TGP F1 championship series will be the feature of an upcoming article - check out the series web site where you can follow what is essentially vintage motorsport in ex-F1 cars and if you have a lazy $500K don't miss their used car section which is comprised of largely ex-F1 racecars. (By Mike Hanlon

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